ANNUAL CROPS

Tomato

Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family.

The stem is decumbent or erect (in standard varieties), branched, covered with glandular fibers that secrete a resinous substance of a greenish-yellow color with a specific odor.

Tomato is a heat-loving crop. Its seeds germinate at a temperature not lower than 11 ºС, and the most optimal temperature is 22-26 ºС. Studies have shown that at an average daily soil temperature of 13 ºС at a depth of 5 cm, seedlings appear 17-22 days after sowing, at 18-19 ºС - after 8-9, and at 22-26 ºС - after 3-6 days. The optimal temperature range during the growth period is 22-28 ºС, the fruit setting period is 23-26 ºС, and the ripening period is 20-28 ºС.

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At temperatures below 15 ° C, flowering stops, and at 10 ° C, plant growth stops. Cold-resistant varieties can grow at 8°C.

The tomato is sensitive for the conditions of sunlight, as well as soil moisture, especially during the fruiting period, but does not tolerate the proximity of groundwater. With a lack of moisture in the soil, twisting of the leaves is observed, and with a lack of moisture during the filling of fruits, they are affected by vertex rot. With a sharp change from a dry period to a wet one, the fruits crack

The optimal soil moisture for tomato is in the range of 70-80% HB, depending on the phase of plant development.

The period of formation of buds and ovaries is critical in terms of the plant's need for water, when a lack of moisture leads to their fall. Excess moisture, as well as a sharp drop in temperature during flowering, leads to abscission of flowers; in the period before flowering - enhances the vegetative growth of plants.

Tomatoes can be grown on a variety of soils, from light sandy loam to medium loam. Water-soaked soils with low aeration are undesirable; the best is light sandy or loamy, well drained, with a finely cloddy structure, well warmed up, rich in organic matter, with deep groundwater. The optimal pH is 6-6.5, if the soil pH is below 5.5, the root system develops poorly and the threat of blossom end rot increases. In relation to soil salinity, tomato is a relatively sensitive crop. The threshold value of the salt content in the soil solution for it, expressed in units of electrical conductivity, is 2.5 dS/m, and an increase in this level leads to a decrease in yield by 10% for every 1 dS/m.

In the complex of agrotechnical measures aimed at creating optimal conditions for growing vegetable crops under drip irrigation, the most important link is the soil preparation.

The general soil preparation includes several technological operations: disking, plowing, cultivation.

Tomato is quite highly demanding as for the amount of nutrients necessary for the formation of a high yield. For normal growth and development of tomato plants, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, they must be provided in sufficient quantities with calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron and trace elements: boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc, cobalt, etc. For the formation of 1 ton of crop, including the need for vegetative mass, plants are used depending on the hybrid and growing conditions: nitrogen 3-3.3 kg, P2O5 - 1.2-1.3 kg, K2O - 4.5-5.8 kg.

The most advanced technology is the cultivation of tomatoes using drip irrigation systems. The use of DIS allows the grower to fully and most rationally resolve the main problem of irrigation - the creation of the most favorable conditions for moisture supply for plants, i.e., maintaining soil moisture in the root layer within the optimal HB level for a given phase of plant development.

The layout of drip lines is carried out immediately after sowing, simultaneously with it or when shoots appear; before, at the same time or after planting seedlings manually or mechanically, using special devices mounted on the frames of seeders, planters, cultivators or specially made.

The need for moisture in tomatoes depends on the phase of plant development and the method of cultivation.

The irrigation rate varies within 30-90 m3/ha, in some cases 110-130 m3/ha and is determined using evaporometers (devices for determining moisture evaporation) and coefficients of moisture evaporation and its consumption by plants. The watering interval should be no more than 4 days. Soil moisture is monitored using tensiometers or moisture meters.

The supply of the nutrient solution through the DIS is carried out in the middle of the irrigation cycle, after the soil has been shed, and after the end, the DIS is washed.

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Pepper

Pepper (Capsinum annum) is an annual plant of the Solanaceae family. During one growing season it goes through the entire development cycle - from sowing to seed ripening. The following phonological phases of plant development are distinguished: seed germination, formation of true leaves, growth of the vegetative mass, budding, flowering, technical and then biological ripeness of fruits.

Pepper is a very thermophilic plant. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature not lower than 13ºС, but in this case seedlings appear only after 22-25 days, and sometimes germinated seeds are in the ring phase for more than 30 days; at a temperature of 14-16ºС shoots appear on the 20-22nd day; 20-25ºС - 8-10; 26-28ºС - 6-7 days. Best of all, pepper grows and develops at an air temperature of 23-27ºС.

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Pepper makes very high demands on soil and air moisture. Insufficient air humidity, especially at high temperatures, causes excessive inhibition of plants, falling off of flowers and young ovaries, and deformation of fruits.

The optimum air humidity is 70-80%, its decrease leads to shedding of flowers and ovaries.

Pepper plants are very demanding on soil fertility. High yields are obtained only on humus-rich, well-structured soils. The most suitable are light sandy or loamy soils, sandy loams, slightly calcareous and easily drained. On soils with a high content of clay, plants develop poorly and give a lower yield. Heavy clayey cold soils with a high level of groundwater are unsuitable for growing peppers. The increased acidity of the soil is also unfavorable for him. The optimal level of PH is 6-7, its maximum value is 8.0. In addition, sweet pepper is very sensitive to the salt content in the soil solution and irrigation water.

The threshold value of the salt content for it, expressed in units of electrical conductivity, is 1.5 dS/m, and an increase in this level leads to a decrease in yield by 14% for every 1 dS/m.

The method of soil preparation depends on the predecessor and the degree of contamination of the area.

Sweet pepper is quite demanding on nutritional conditions, high yields can only be obtained if there is a sufficient amount of nutrients in a form accessible to plants. For each ton of crop, the removal of nutrients, depending on the variety (hybrid), is 4-5.6 kg of nitrogen, 1.2-2.2 kg of P2O5, 5.2-6.8 kg of K2O, including the removal to the vegetative mass.

Plant care during the growing season consists of inter-row tillage, weeding in rows, irrigation, weed control, pests, and diseases. Pepper plants are very sensitive to soil compaction and lack of air.

According to the requirement for soil moisture, pepper occupies one of the first places among vegetable crops on drip irrigation, 80-110 m3 of water is used to form 1 ton of fruit crop, therefore maintaining optimal soil moisture in the root habitable layer during the growing season increases the yield by 3-4 times.

The irrigation rate varies from 30-35 m3/ha to 50-60 m3, in some cases 80-100 m3/ha and is determined using evaporometers and coefficients of moisture evaporation and its consumption by plants. Soil moisture is monitored using tensiometers or moisture meters.

Due to the increased salt sensitivity, pepper makes high demands on irrigation water.

The supply of the nutrient solution through the drip irrigation system is carried out in the middle of the irrigation cycle, after the soil has been shed, and after the end, the drip irrigation system is flushed.

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Potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an annual, multi-stemmed herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family that can be propagated vegetatively from tubers and seeds. For production purposes, it reproduces only vegetatively: tubers or particles with eyes (buds).

Buds located throughout the tuber in the eyes are able to grow and develop at a temperature not lower than 3-50 ºС. However, the formation of sprouts begins only at temperatures above 5-60 ºС. Potatoes are planted when the soil at a depth of 10 cm warms up to 7-80 ºС. The most favorable temperature for flowering potatoes is 18-21 ºС. At higher temperatures (27-29 ºС) flowering stops. The most favorable soil temperature for tuberization is 15-20 ºС, for early varieties 15-17 ºС. At temperatures below 6 and above 25 ºС, the growth of tubers is delayed, and at 26-29 ºС, tuberization usually stops. At higher temperatures, the number of tubers increases with a simultaneous decrease in their size.

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Potatoes are demanding on soil moisture, although not consistently throughout different periods of growth and development of plants. At the beginning of bud germination and sprout formation, the need for moisture is almost entirely covered by the mother tuber. When shoots appear and in the initial period of leaf formation, when the evaporating surface of the leaves is small, the plants need little moisture, and at this time they tolerate dry weather well. As plants grow, especially when they enter the phase of budding and flowering, with the maximum evaporating surface of the leaves, the need for moisture in potatoes increases dramatically.

Potatoes are also highly demanding for the conditions of soil aeration.

Potatoes are distinguished by increased requirements for the amount of nutrients necessary for the formation of a high yield. A correct diet more than many other factors determines the technological, food and seed qualities of tubers. For normal growth and development of a potato plant and obtaining high yields of tubers, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, it must be provided with sufficient calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur, as well as trace elements: boron, manganese, molybdenum, copper, zinc, cobalt and etc. The content of microelements in most soils, in a form accessible to plants, can only provide an average yield of potatoes. According to updated data, the removal of nutrients per 10 tons of tubers, including the vegetative mass, is 40-50 kg of nitrogen, 16-20 kg of P2O5, 63-90 kg of K2O, 25-40 kg of CaO, 12-20 kg of MgO, 3 kg of iron, 300 g of zinc, depending on the variety and growing conditions.

For potatoes growing, it is necessary to allocate places with well-aerated, sandy, light or medium loamy structural soils, which dry out quickly in spring. Potatoes should not be planted in too wet, low-lying places, as they warm up slowly and are ready for planting much later. Areas with weakly structured, heavy mechanical composition soils are also not suitable. For early potatoes, fields are allocated mainly on the southern and southwestern slopes. Soils must be fertile, humus content of at least 2-2.5%.

The optimal pH level is 5.2-5.8. On acidic soils, the toxic effect of aluminum and iron is manifested: to neutralize their negative effects, the levels of phosphorus are increased. On neutral and alkaline soils, the availability of phosphorus, manganese, zinc and boron is reduced, so it is necessary to introduce them into the soil during fertigation and through foliar top dressing.

The potatoes are relatively sensitive to the degree of soil salinity. The threshold value of this indicator, expressed in units of electrical conductivity, is 1.7 dS/m and an increase in this level leads to a decrease in yield by 12% for every 1 dS/m.

Potatoes require deep loosened, well-permeable soil for water, air and heat.

In conditions of insufficient precipitation, high yields of potatoes can only be obtained with irrigation. Potatoes are watered from the emergence of seedlings and finished 12-15 days before the harvest of early potatoes or the beginning of drying of potato tops at later harvesting dates. Potatoes have a relatively shallow root system and are characterized by high moisture consumption.

The most effective irrigation method is drip irrigation, which allows the grower to precisely control the consumption of moisture and plant nutrients. The irrigation regime is determined by the amount of moisture evaporated and consumed by plants (with the help of evaporometers) and controlled with the help of instrumentation (tensiometers), developed for each site individually and adjusted during the growing season.

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Bulb onions

Bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is a two- or three-year-old monocotyledonous, cross-pollinated herbaceous plant of the Onion family (Alliaceae L.) of the genus Allium, which forms seeds in the second or third year of life, depending on growing conditions and technology, and in the first- or second-year forms new bulbs.

Onion is a cold-resistant plant. Seed germination begins at a temperature of 2-5°C. The optimum temperature for onion growth should not exceed 25°C. The best formation and maturation of bulbs occurs when the sum of effective temperatures (above 10°C) from mass shoots to harvesting is at least 510-540°C.

The optimum air humidity for onions is 60-70%.

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Among vegetable crops, onion is the most demanding on soil fertility. The best for growing onions is soils of light mechanical composition (sandy loamy light loams) with a neutral or close reaction (pH 6.4-7.5). Acidic (pH less than 5.5) or alkaline (pH more than 8.0) without prior preparation are unsuitable for growing onions. Fertile, rich in organic matter, humus-carbonate, black soul, but not prone to flooding and the formation of roots, soils are accepted for onions. Soils with excess nitrogen content, saline soils, with groundwater depths higher than 60 cm are not suitable.

The threshold value of the level of salts in the soil solution, expressed in units of electrical conductivity, is 1.2 mS/cm, and exceeding this level leads to a decrease in yield by 16% for every 1 mS/cm.

Bulb onions are grown from seeds and seedlings. Sowing dates can be early spring, summer-autumn (winter onion), winter.

Onions are among the crops that place high demands on soil preparation. This is due to the poorly developed and superficially located root system and the very slow growth of plants in the first period after sowing. Due to the fact that seeds have a long germination period, and plants grow slowly in the initial phase of development, weeds at this moment can significantly reduce productivity, or even completely destroy cultivated plants. For this reason, the soil should be prepared very carefully and the main soil preparation activities should be carried out in the fall.

Satisfying the nutritional needs of onions is very difficult. This is due to the fact that the onion root system is poorly developed, located in the upper layers of the soil and is characterized by a weak ability to absorb nutrients from the soil. With a harvest of 1 ton of marketable products, about 3-5.3 kg of N is removed; 1.1-1.7 kg P2O5 and 3-4.6 kg K2O. In the initial phases of development, onions consume nutrients gradually, and then, over a fairly short period, very intensively. At what hot varieties of onions endure more nutrients than sweet ones.

Since onions are one of the most sensitive to weed infestation during the critical period during which it most significantly reduce the yield from weeds - 40-50 days from emergence - the main task of plant care is to maintain the site in a weed-free condition with good friability soil.

The main biological feature of onions is that, with a relatively strong development of the leaf mass, it has an underdeveloped root system, the bulk of which is located in the upper 30 cm soil layer. And, as you know, it is the upper layers of the soil that are most susceptible to sharp fluctuations in moisture reserves and frequent drying out. Therefore, onion plants require strict adherence to the moisture regime throughout the growing season.

Irrigation rates for onion development periods:

1. Seed germination 20-25 m3/ha

2. Leaf growth 30-35 m3/ha

3. Bulb formation 50-75 m3/ha, in some cases up to 100 m3/ha

4. Bulb maturation 40-45 m3/ha

Watering is stopped 15-20 days before harvesting. Excessive moisture at the end of the growing season significantly impairs the preservation of onions in the winter. The differentiated irrigation regime increases the commercial qualities of onions, improves their shelf life, and prevents the appearance of diseases.

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Corn

Corn (Zea mays L.) originated in the countries of Central America (in the Ands region).

In world production, corn is the third most important cereal after rice and wheat, consumed by humans and animals and grown for grain and consumption. At present, world production is about 687.2 million tons of grain on 145 million hectares of land. Demand for corn is rising - for both fresh and processed products - and the decrease in land available for expansion means that yields themselves must be increased.

Corn belongs to the grass family, Cereals. Germination of corn occurs in the soil. The seedling emerges from the soil 6-10 days after sowing and soon stops growing. The stem consists of moving nodes and internodes. Several nodes and internodes remain condensed underground to form a wreath. Under favorable conditions, the internodes extend into a trunk 2.5 m or more long.

Grown in climates ranging from temperate to tropical during the period when the average daily temperature is above 15 ° C in the absence of frost. For germination, the lowest average daily temperature should not fall below 10 °C, the temperatures range of 18 to 20 °C is optimal. The suitable temperature for growth varies with the time of day and also throughout the growing season, for example, during daylight hours, the optimal temperature range is from 25°C to 33°C, while at night the temperature ranges between 17°C and 23 °C. However, the most suitable average temperature for the entire growing season of crops is in the range of 20°C - 22°C.

Corn grows well in most types of soil: sandy loam, loam, silty loam, etc., to a lesser extent in very heavy dense clay and excessively sandy soil. Corn thrives on deep, well-drained clay and silty loam, with an adequate amount of available organic matter and nutrients. It is desirable that the soil is well aerated and also drained, as the crop is very susceptible to waterlogging. The ideal soil pH is between 7.5 and 8.5.

The introduction of drip fertigation in corn is technically feasible, economically viable and beneficial in many ways:

1. Frequent daily watering keeps the soil water in the root zone high.

2. Uniform emergence of seedlings and their rapid growth.

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Beet

Beet (Beta vulgaris var.conditiva) is a biennial plant from the Lebedovye (Marevye) family. In the first year of life, plants form a leaf rosette and a root crop, and in the second, a flower-bearing stem, on which flowers and seeds are formed. The plant is cross-pollinated, long day. The productive organ is the root crop.

Table beet belongs to cold-resistant plants, but it is more demanding of heat compared to other root crops.

The most favorable temperature for the growth of root crops, and, consequently, for obtaining the greatest yield, is 15-23 ° C. However, obtaining a high yield is possible at higher temperatures.

The table beet maintains the increased concentration of salts in soil solution. It ranks first among vegetable crops in terms of salt tolerance. The threshold value of this indicator for table beet is 4.0 dS/m (for comparison, carrots 1.0, potatoes 1.7 dS/m).

Table beet plants react negatively to increased soil acidity. Optimal for the crop is pH 6-7. At 5 or less, seedlings appear slowly and thin out, plant growth is greatly inhibited. Therefore, on soils with high acidity, it is necessary to carry out liming.

Of all the root crops, beetroot is the most demanding on soil fertility. High yields of beets can be obtained if the required amount of fertilizer is applied in an easily digestible form. Beetroot can be cultivated on any type of soil. The exception is acidic, heavy soils with a high occurrence of groundwater. The best soils are nutrient-rich loams, sandy loams and especially loamy black soils with a finely cloddy structure.

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Table beet is very demanding on growing conditions. High yields can only be obtained if a sufficiently large amount of nutrients is available. In terms of removal of the nutrient element from the soil, beet occupies one of the leading positions, and if fertilizers are not used, then in addition to a shortage of crops, the soil is greatly depleted after this crop. For each ton of crop, the removal of nutrients, depending on the variety (hybrid), is 2.7-3.5 kg of nitrogen, 1.5-2 kg of P2O5, 4.3-6.0 kg of K2O, 1.2-2 kg of MgO, 1-2 kg of CaO, 0.9-1 kg of Na2O, 8 g of boron, including removal by the vegetative mass. Fluctuations in the number of nutrients are caused by the unequal ratio of root crops and tops in different growing conditions.

Doses of mineral fertilizers are determined based on the analysis of the results of agrochemical studies of soils of the site, taking into account the use of nutrients by plants from the soil, organic fertilizers, and the aftereffect of fertilizers applied under the predecessor.

Plant care consists of the formation of plant density, loosening of row spacing, irrigation, weed control, protection from pests and diseases.

Obtaining high and stable yields of table beets is possible only with irrigation, especially drip irrigation.

On average, during the growing season, table beet uses 23-35 m3/ha of water daily: from germination to root formation, when the mass of the leaf surface is small - the average daily moisture requirement is 7-24 m3/ha; maximum consumption 40-50m3/ha/day - during the period of formation and growth of root crops; in the period up to technical ripeness 15-30 m3/ha.

The irrigation rate is determined using evaporometers (devices for determining evaporation) and the coefficients of moisture evaporation and its consumption by plants. Soil moisture is monitored using tensiometers or moisture meters.

The supply of the nutrient solution through the drip irrigation system is carried out in the middle of the irrigation cycle, after the soil has been shed, and after the end, the drip irrigation system is flushed.

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ANNUAL CROPS

Tomato

Pepper

Potato

Bulb onions

Corn

Beet

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